Biomechanics And Sports

Meaning and importance of biomechanics in physical education and sports


Meaning of biomechanics 


Biomechanics is a subdiscipline of physical education. Biomechanics is the study of forces and their effects on living systems . The study and analysis of human movement patterns in sports is called biomechanics .

Importance of  Biomechanics in physical education and sports 


Biomechanics focuses on the application of the scientific principles of mechanical physics to understand movements of action of human bodies and sports implements such as cricket bat, hockey stick and javelin etc. 

  1. Helps in improving technique 
  2. Helps in improving equipment 
  3. Helps in improving the performance in sports 
  4. Helps in preventing injury 
  5. Helps in promoting safety
  6. Helps in the improvement of training 
  7. Helps in understanding of human body 
  8. Helps in improving teaching and learning process 


Newton's laws of motion and their application in sports 

  1. Law of inertia - it is the first law of motion. According to this law," a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by an external force." 
  2. Law of acceleration- it is the second law of motion. According to this law, " a change in acceleration of an object is directly propotional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass."
  3. Law of reaction - it is the third law of motion. According to this law, " for every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction." The application of this law in various sports is given below: 

  • Swimming -  a swimmer pushes the water backwards (action). The water pushes the swimmer forward (reaction) with the same force.

  • Walking- when a person walks, he presses the ground in backward direction (action) by his feet. The ground pushes him in forward direction with an equal force (reaction).

Levers and it's types and it's application in sports 


Lever 

A lever is a simple machine that provides mechanical advantage to magnify the force necessary to overcome a resistance. Levers are used in daily life. Levers at also used frequently in the games and sports. Our body also consists of many levers which are made of bones and muscles. Our body parts like legs, arms and fingers work as levers. The levers of human body allow the body to move and generate force. With the help of these levers, the work can be done easily. 

Types of levers 

  1. Class-1 lever - class- 1 levers have the fulcrum between the effort (force) and load ( resistance ). Examples of class -1 levers are the playground see sa, action of rower's oar where the force is applied by the rower, fulcrum in the oarlock and the water offers the resistance (load ), seated dumbbell triceps extension and hand grippers.
  2. Class-2 lever - class - 2 lever load (resistance) between the effort (force) and the fulcrum. Example of class-2 levers are when an individual stands on tipto; the length of the foot in the arm of lever, the ball of the foot acts as the fulcrum and Achilles, tendon and calf muscle provide the effort (force), lifting the weight of the body by the back of the heel and calisthenics the use the body as class-2 lever include push ups and leg lifts. 
  3. Class-3 lever - class-3 levers have the effort (force) between the load (resistance ) and the fulcrum. A lot of sports equipments use class-3 levers, including tennis rackets, baseball bats and boat paddles etc. Our forearms also act as class -3 lever with the elbow as the fulcrum. A fishing pole  is also a class-3 lever where hand at the end of the pole in the fulcrum and the fish you catch on the opposite end in the load and the hand between the fulcrum and the fish (load) applies effort (force). There are other examples of class -3 levers such as leg extension, seated bicep curl and hamstring curl etc. 

Equilibrium- Dynamic and static and centre of gravity and its application in sports 


Equilibrium

When all the forces acting on the body are counter balanced by equal and opposite forces, so that the sum of the forces equals zero, it is called the state of equilibrium . 

Types of equilibrium 

  1. Static equilibrium - static equilibrium is when the center of gravity is in a stable position. e.g.  When one is sitting or performing a handstand in gymnastics. 
  2. Dynamic equilibrium - dynamic equilibrium is a state in which the center of gravity is in motion.e.g. when one is running or performing a cartwheel in gymnastics.

Principles of stability 

  1. The lower the center of gravity is to the base of support, the greater the stability 
  2. The nearer the center of gravity is to the center of the base of support, the more stable the body.
  3. Stability can be increased by widening the base of support 

Centre of gravity 

A centre of gravity is an imaginary point (within or outside the body or object ) around which the body or object is balanced.


Force- centripetal and centrifugal and it's application in sports 


Force 

Force is anything which produces motion or changes motion. It is invisible but is always present when motion occurs. It is necessary to note that there can be force without motion. 

Factors related to movement activities 

  1. The production of force 
  2. The application of force 
  3. The absorption of force 

Centripetal and centrifugal forces 


According to Newton's third law of motion, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. When an object is rotating around a fixed axis in a circular path, two opposite forces act at that time viz. Centripetal force and cetrifugal force.

Centripetal force  

Centripetal forces is defined as force which keeps a body moving with a uniform speed along a circular path and is directed along the radius towards the centre.

Centrifugal force 

In simple words, centrifugal force is the force that cause rotating objects to move away from the centre or axis of rotation. Centrifugal force is considered a 'fake' force because it exists due to centripetal force. 


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